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Extra info for Toxicological profiles - Thorium
Sample text
05) increased incidence of malignancies in the lymphatic and hematopoietic tissues of uranium mill workers (cohort of 662 males) was found by Archer et al. (1973). The radioactivity in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes of the workers was found to be primarily the result of alpha emissions from thorium-230 and not from uranium-234 or uranium-238. Consequently, the authors suggested that the increased incidence of malignancies may have been a result of thorium-230 exposure and not uranium exposure.
Exposure levels of thorium were not reported; therefore, the results of the study are not reported on Table 2-1 or plotted in Figure 2-1. Rats were exposed to various concentrations of thorium dioxide for 6-9 months, and the frequency and histological type of lung tumors were determined following observation for up to 21 months (Likhachev et al. 1973b; Likhachev 1976). The authors concluded that the incidence and histological type of lung tumors that developed were dependent on the radiation dose to the lungs.
1976). Thorium is also deposited in the lymph nodes throughout the body after being transported from the liver and the spleen via the lymph ducts (Wegener et al. 1976). The distribution is inhomogeneous in all tissues and organs since thorium, which is complexed with transferrin in the serum (Peter and Lehmann 1981), is taken up by the macrophages of the RES (Hallegot and Galle 1988; Odegaard et al. 1978). Thorotrast tends to remain in the RES, but some of the radium-228 and radium-224, produced by decay of their parent nuclides, escapes from Thorotrast deposits, possibly as a result of the recoil energy created from decay, and migrates to bone (Kaul and Noffz 1978; Parr et al.
