By Villavecchia V.
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8 A data Fig. 26. The resolution of a crystal structure shown on the left is the appearance ofasmall molecule at various resolutions and on the right adiagram ofthe relative number of Bragg reflections included in the calculation. I t is generally possible to see the electron density associated with the carbonyl oxygen of the main chain, and that will fix the orientation and position of the peptide unit.
This detection device is now used extensively for crystals of biological macromolecules. Such a detector may involve a niultiwire proportional counter coupled to an electronic device or a television imaging system; both devices permit arecording of the data in a computer-readable form. Alternatively, imaging plates may be used. These havc phosphorescent material layered on them and store information on the extent of X-ray exposure until scanned by a laser, when the intensity and location of the light then emitted is recorded.
Other information in the computer data file include unit cell dimensions with their estimated standard deviations and the space-group svmmetry. 7. PHASE DETERMINATION The principal method used to determine the relative phases of a biological rnacroniolecule is the method of isomorphous replacement. Phases can be estimated by comparing intensities of isomorphous (isostructural)crystals that differ only in the identitv o f one atom, and otherwise contain identical atomic arrangements. The isomorphism is generally between the crystalline macromolecule and its heavy-atom derivative obtained by replacing some of the solvent in the crystal bv a compound containing a heavy atom.
