By John E. Bringas
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Additional resources for The Metals Black Book: Ferrous Metals (Metals Data Book Series)
Sample text
However an acceptably small austenite grain size may not be recovered in a single re-austenitization heat treatment if the initial austenite grains are very coarse. In such a case several re-austenitizing heat treatments may be required to obtain a uniform and small final grain size. The austenite grain size of normalized or annealed medium carbon steels can be readily observed because proeutectoid ferrite precipitates along the austenite grain boundaries during slow cooling. Thus bands of ferrite outline the prior austenite grain boundaries.
Intergranular or transgranular), fracture mode (cleavage, microvoid coalescence, metal fatigue, creep, stress-corrosion cracking) and reveal the relationship between microstructure and cracking including the existence of unexpected or special microstructures in the vicinity of crack tips. The presence and characteristics of corrosion can also be studied and interpreted in this manner. Thus metallography is useful both for materials development and for failure analysis. The great usefulness of metallographic examination cannot be overstated.
Processes in which the chemical composition of the surface is changed in order to permit the surface to be given a high hardness are known collectively as case-hardening processes. These involve the addition of either or both of the elements carbon and nitrogen, leading to the specific processes carburizing, nitriding and carbonitriding. The processes themselves involve the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen into the surface of the steel at high temperature. In carburizing and carbonitriding, the material is subjected to a quench after the surface composition is changed so that a surface layer of martensite is formed in the high carbon, high hardenability surface while the low carbon, low hardenability case transforms to a tougher ferritepearlite microstructure.
