By Tony McMichael
Charting the relentless trajectory of humankind throughout time and geography, Tony McMichael highlights the altering survival styles of our old ancestors, who roamed the African savannahs numerous million years in the past, to contemporary populous, industrialized, and globalized international. McMichael explores the alterations in human biology, tradition, and surrounding environments that experience stimulated styles of overall healthiness and disorder over the process humankind's heritage, arguing that the wellbeing and fitness of populations is basically a manufactured from the interplay of human societies with the broader setting, its a variety of ecosystems, and different life-support procedures. Tony McMichael is professor of epidemiology, London tuition of Hygiene and Tropical medication. He has held positions in Australia, united states, and united kingdom, and has taught greatly in Asia, Africa, and Europe. He has recommended WHO, UNEP, the area financial institution and Intergovernmental Panel on weather swap on public health and wellbeing matters. His earlier publication, Planetary Overload (Cambridge collage Press, 1993) was once a broadly acclaimed and influential account of worldwide environmental swap and the future health of the human species.
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Additional info for Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease: Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures
Example text
During those ancient journeys and the subsequent evolution and spread of culture we, the dominant species on Earth, have extinguished species, altered landscapes, disseminated infectious agents and other ‘pest’ species, transplanted crop and livestock species, and, now, begun to change the composition of the world’s atmosphere. These genes, journeys and environmental impacts have shaped much of the course of human biology, health and disease. The following chapters explore the origins and recent patterns of human biology and health.
You, the individual, cannot have herd immunity. 28 The steeper the gradient the lower the average life expectancy. Of course, the greater the number of poor persons, the more their individual deficits in health status will lower the population’s average. But this only explains part of the population’s lowered life expectancy. Via some other collective processes at the population level, the income gradient affects material conditions and various psychosocial experiences that influence the population’s health profile.
Lower back pain is one of the most prominent causes of disability and lost working days. 4 The frequent damage to footballers’ knee-joint ligaments and cartilages reflects a joint that is poorly adapted to the sudden twisting movements of a freed-up upper body. Human biology, from hips to haemoglobin molecules, has an evolutionary lineage that extends back well beyond the Pleistocene. Before examining the human evolutionary story in more detail it is appropriate to review the natural selection process.
