By Michael D. Bayles
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On the other hand, he quite properly does not hold the extreme view, that these rules should be observed, however great are the advantages of breaking them. In his own language, he thinks that we have a prima facie duty to bring about as much good as we can, as well as prima facie duties to keep our promises and tell the truth, and so on. When our prima facie duty to produce as much good as we can conflicts with our other duties, he thinks that sometimes it is a duty to perform the former prima facie duty, sometimes a duty to perform one of the others.
Reprinted by permission of the Editor of the Aristotelian Society. Copyright x953 The Aristotelian Society, 1 Richard Price: A Review of the Principal Questions in Morals, edited by D. Daiches Raphael, p. 164. CONTEMPORARY UTILITARIANISM 26 the circumstances in which he was placed. Besides being right, it is also a duty, if it produces more good than any other action that the agent could have done. When we are faced with a situation in which we have to choose between a number of actions, each of which would produce as much good or more than anything else we could do, but of none of which is it true that they would produce more good than anything else we could do, then we have not a duty to perform any particular one of these actions to the exclusion of the others.
Since this is the case, it would be unreasonable for us to consider the consequences of the general performance of actions on a Tuesday. For the consequences of the general practice of lying on a Tuesday are different from those of the general practice of actions of any sort on a Tuesday, and it is the consequences of the general performance of the more specific class of actions which it is important for us to consider. Our Duty to Be Just 37 It can be important for us to consider the consequences of the general performance of a certain class of actions only if that class contains within itself no sub-classes, the consequences of the general practice of which is either better or worse than the consequences of the general practice of actions belonging to it.