Armed struggle and the search for state: the Palestinian by Yazīd Ṣāyigh, Institute for Palestine Studies (Washington,

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This came against the backdrop of the Arab revolt against Ottoman rule and the first stirrings of modem Arab nationalism. Instead of supporting Arab independence or federa­ tion at the end of the war, however, France and Britain won formal endorse­ ment from the Allied powers conference at San Remo in April 1 920 to establish their mandate over the Levant, and obtained ratification from the League of Nations in July 1 922. The Palestinian Arabs were now governed by Britain and confronted with a Jewish state-in-the-making-the yishuv-and steadily intensi­ fied their resistance to both.

Small numbers ofJews had already emigrated to Palestine from Russia and Yemen in previous decades for religious reasons, but the start of a second, politically motivated wave of immigration from Eastern Europe in 1 903 aroused rumblings of dis­ content and resistance by Palestinian Arab peasants opposed to the loss of land ' and jobs to the Jewish settlers. The Young Turks revolt of 1 908 also ushered in a more prominent role for educated, urban-based Arabs, whose opposition to Zionism and to land sales to Jewish settlers was now expressed with increasing frequency and vigour in the local press, through new political associations, and 2 at the Ottoman parliament in Istanbul.

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