By Robert Michels
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Additional info for Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy
Example text
Psychological Causes of Leadership 1 The Establishment of a Customary Right to the Office of Delegate 81 2 The Need for Leadership felt by the Mass 85 3 The Political Gratitude of the Masses 92 4 The Cult of Veneration among the Masses 93 5 Accessory Qualities Requisite to Leadership 98 6 Accessory Peculiarities of the Masses 105 C. Intellectual Factors 1 Superiority of the Professional Leaders in Respect to Culture, and Their Indispensability; the Formal and Real Incompetence of the Mass 107 Page 10 Part Two/Autocratic Tendencies of Leaders 1 The Stability of Leadership 117 2 The Financial Power of the Leaders and of the Party 129 3 The Leaders and the Press 149 4 The Position of the Leaders in Relation to the Masses in Actual Practice 153 5 The Struggle between the Leaders and the Masses 167 6 The Struggle among the Leaders Themselves 172 7 Bureaucracy.
Michels argued that the shift to the "right" prior to World War I of the German trade unions and the Social Democratic Party, demonstrated the way in which the inherent bureaucratic conservatism of leaders deflects organizations from their goals and the beliefs of their members. 33 She points out that the rapid im- 30 Irving Bernstein, "John L. " Public Opinion Quarterly 5 (1941), pp. 23349. 31 Harry Eckstein, "The Politics of the British Medical Association," The Political Quarterly, 26 (1955), pp.
See "Metaphysical Pathos and the Theory of Bureaucracy," in S. M. Lipset and N. W. , Sociology: The Progress of a Decade (Englewood-Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 86. " However, he did not dwell on this assumption, but rather rested the main burden of his answer on the change in situation of the lower classes: [Under socialism] what constitutes an eternal category in Michels' presentation, namely the 'incompetence of the masses' will disappear, for this incompetence is by no means a necessary attribute of every system; it likewise is a product of the economic and technical conditions, expressing themselves in the general cultural being and in the educational conditions.
