By Edward B. Barbier
Why is typical source exploitation now not yielding larger merits to the negative economies of Africa, Asia and Latin the USA? This book's old evaluate of source use and improvement examines present theories explaining under-performance of modern day resource-abundant economies. After constructing versions to research the most important financial elements underlying land enlargement and water use in constructing international locations, Edward Barbier explores their source dependency, rural poverty and source degradation and proposes reforms for winning resource-based improvement.
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Example text
2 and the discussion so far have identified the importance of natural capital as a component of the total capital stock supporting economies, and in turn, the role of maintaining this stock in order to enhance sustainable economic development. However, for many developing countries, maintaining natural capital is not a viable option in the short and medium run. As these economies grow and develop, natural resource degradation and increased pollution are likely to be increased. A critical issue for developing economies, therefore, is whether at some point in the future they are able to attain levels of economic development that will coincide with improving rather than deteriorating environmental quality.
E. the hypothesis that there exists an ‘‘inverted-U’’-shaped relationship between a variety of indicators of 18 Natural Resources and Economic Development kg SO2 per capita 250 200 150 100 50 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 GNP per capita The above curve is the environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur dioxide (SO2) estimated across rich and poor countries of the world by Panayotou (1995). The “peak” or “turning point” level of per capita income where SO2 levels start to fall is around US $5,000.
Stylized fact three: development in low and middle-income economies is associated with increased land conversion and stress on available freshwater resources As noted above, in low and middle-income economies, especially those without oil and natural gas reserves, the most important source of natural wealth is agricultural land. In these economies, expansion of this agricultural land base is occurring rapidly through conversion of forests, wetlands and other natural habitat. 6. 1. GDP per capita in 1994 at 1987 constant purchase power parity US$, from World Bank Development Indicators.
