By Rajeev Balasubramonian, Norman Jouppi
A key determinant of total process functionality and gear dissipation is the cache hierarchy on account that entry to off-chip reminiscence consumes many extra cycles and effort than on-chip accesses. moreover, multi-core processors are anticipated to put ever larger bandwidth calls for at the reminiscence procedure. a lot of these concerns make it vital to prevent off-chip reminiscence entry by way of bettering the potency of the on-chip cache. destiny multi-core processors could have many huge cache banks attached by way of a community and shared by way of many cores. as a result, many very important difficulties needs to be solved: cache assets has to be allotted throughout many cores, info needs to be put in cache banks which are close to the having access to middle, and an important facts needs to be pointed out for retention. ultimately, problems in scaling current applied sciences require adapting to and exploiting new expertise constraints. The ebook makes an attempt a synthesis of contemporary cache study that has interested by suggestions for multi-core processors. it truly is an outstanding start line for early-stage graduate scholars, researchers, and practitioners who desire to comprehend the panorama of contemporary cache study. The e-book is acceptable as a reference for complicated machine structure sessions in addition to for knowledgeable researchers and VLSI engineers. desk of Contents: simple components of huge Cache layout / Organizing facts in CMP final point Caches / guidelines Impacting Cache Hit charges / Interconnection Networks inside of huge Caches / expertise / Concluding feedback
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Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies (Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture)
A key determinant of total process functionality and tool dissipation is the cache hierarchy given that entry to off-chip reminiscence consumes many extra cycles and effort than on-chip accesses. additionally, multi-core processors are anticipated to put ever better bandwidth calls for at the reminiscence approach. some of these matters make it vital to prevent off-chip reminiscence entry via enhancing the potency of the on-chip cache.
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Extra resources for Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies (Synthesis Lectures on Computer Architecture)
Example text
These additional look-ups of partial tags and banks (nearly 50% more than the S-NUCA case) negate half the benefit afforded by D-NUCA’s data proximity. They also result in increased power and bank access rates. The various tag stores will have to be updated with on-chip messages every time a block is replaced/migrated. Huh et al. evaluate L1 prefetching and show that it is an effective technique to hide L2 access times with and without D-NUCA. The paper also formulates a cache implementation that can operate at multiple points in the shared-private spectrum.
This idea remained untapped within the NUCA space until a paper by Cho and Jin in MICRO 2006 [41]. In the last few years, it is becoming increasingly clear that this approach perhaps combines the best 26 2. ORGANIZING DATA IN CMP LAST LEVEL CACHES of S-NUCA and D-NUCA, the best of shared and private caches, and balances performance and implementation complexity. Cho and Jin, MICRO’06 We begin the discussion by examining how data blocks get mapped to banks in an S-NUCA cache. 2 shows a 32-bit physical address and the bits used to index into a 16 MB 8-way L2 cache partitioned into 16 banks.
But, correspondingly, each core 28 2. ORGANIZING DATA IN CMP LAST LEVEL CACHES only enjoys a fraction of the total shared L2 capacity since all of its data is steered towards a single bank. This behavior strongly resembles that of a private cache organization. In order to out-perform the private cache organization, the page coloring policy must be augmented so each core can have ownership of a larger fraction of the shared L2 if required, without incurring long L2 latencies. Cho and Jin [41] propose page-spreading policies that augment a baseline first-touch page coloring policy.
