By Fred Halliday
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Example text
Equally, some of the alternatives proposed by the green movement are unrealistic and undesirable: a general invocation of 'nature', or denunciation of technology and industry, are vapid. There is, moreover. in this approach a naivety about the system of governance itself. The western consensus is treated as too negative. and incapable of positive outcomes, and the opposition treated as too positive. Here the ethical free-fire zone characteristic of much international discussion comes into its own.
In the first place. the shape of the twenty-first century world - the map of states, the division of the world along economic Jines. the international institutions that comprise global governance, the very disputes that drive so much of the world - was largely shaped by the history of the twentieth. One obvious example is the reluctance of two major economic powers, Germany and Japan. each with large populations, to play commensurate strategic roles - a direct consequence of their reaction against the aggression they perpetrated in the middle of the twentieth.
In some measure this sense of rupture is valid. Much more than the millennium itself, the end of the cold war, in its manifold dimensions, did mark a major strategic and ideological break point in world history. 1 The growth of economic co-operation between major states, and a certain spread of democracy, have compounded this sense of novelty. Yet for states and nations, as for individuals, a denial of the past may only serve to give it even more influence over the present. On the one hand, those who deny the import of history are all the more effectively under its influence.
