By Hywel D. Lewis (auth.)
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Extra resources for The Self and Immortality
Sample text
Berkeley did not, however, think of the world of our senses as just modes of our minds. It is a world we apprehend or perceive, though it exists in being perceived. We know the mind that perceives THE PURE SELF 31 in a radically different way through 'notions', though there is hardly anything we can say about 'notions' beyond our recognition that we do know minds in this way. It is here that we must refer to the third person in the famous trio of British empiricists, namely Hume. He held on the one hand, that we could not fail to believe in an independent material world but that, on the other, we could provide no justification for this belief, any more than we could, by either reason or experience, justify the confidence we have in the patterns or seemingly causal linkages of the various ingredients of our experience which remain thus, it would seem, in the last resort fortuitous.
There is certainly such a thing as introspection. But what this means is that we can take note of the way we feel or think at various times, how we react to provocation, what makes us angry or pleased, and so forth. We discover in this way the same sort of thing, in essentials, as an outside observer might learn about us and of which, in some cases, the outside observer may be the better judge. But noting what we are like and do at various times is a very different matter from specifically looking in on ourselves, in the course of anything we do or undergo.
Other idealists sought to do more justice to the 'given' factor in experience and avoided the abstraction of mere relatedness. But the self tended to be taken all the same in its function of unification and as a mode of the unification of one comprehensive system. This raised many problems, especially concerning the presumed independence or initiative or responsibility of finite beings. For, if we are no more than partial exemplifications of the unity of the whole, everything seems to be prescribed by the 38 THE SELF AND IMMORTALITY rational necessity which holds the whole together; and, even if we go beyond this and conclude with Bradley that the ultimate necessitation is more than merely rational, the initial problem remains that all is determined by the whole to which we belong.
