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Pulmonary Function Tests in Clinical Practice by Pearce Wilcox, Ali Altalag, Jeremy Road

By Pearce Wilcox, Ali Altalag, Jeremy Road

Whole evaluation of pulmonary functionality checks in scientific perform, together with functionality and interpretation of lung functionality exams with an emphasis on functional features. evaluate of polysomnographic innovations and interpretive ideas back with a realistic hands-on strategy. An integrative aproach to cardiopulmonary workout trying out with interpretive technique. comprises case discussions illustrating key techniques.

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The internal carotid artery, surrounded by its plexus of sympathetic nerves, passes through the petrous temporal bone in the carotid canal (31), which opens in the skull immediately above the foramen lacerum. The internal jugular vein is formed in the jugular foramen (32), and cranial nerves IX, X and XI emerge from the foramen anterior to the vein. The occipital bone fuses with the body of the sphenoid anterior to the foramen magnum (33); behind the foramen it forms the posterior aspect of the cranium, which gives attachment to many small but powerful muscles that hold the head extended or rotate it at the atlanto-axial joint.

The spinal cord, closely covered by pia mater, is suspended in cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space. A flange of pia on each side sends fine denticulate ligaments to anchor the cord, via the arachnoid, to the overlying dural sac. These, and the filum terminale, a fibrous extension of the cord running all the way to the coccyx, prevent excessive movement of the cord. There is an epidural (potential) space (6) containing fat and a plexus of valveless veins between the dura and the bone, and ligaments of the vertebral canal.

32 Head and Neck Orbital skeleton, eyelids, conjunctiva The eyeballs are surrounded by muscles and supported by fat within the orbit. They must maintain their position and move in absolute synchrony, or double vision (diplopia) will ensue. Each bony orbit opens on the facial skull, bounded by the frontal bone (1), zygomatic bone (2) and maxilla (3). The orbit is cone-shaped with the apex passing backward and medially. This angulation is important when considering the actions of the orbital muscles.

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