By Ulrich Schmoch, Christian Rammer, Harald Legler
The idea of nationwide structures of Innovation used to be brought as a mode to explain many of the components which give a contribution to innovation functionality and their interplay. such a lot analyses seek advice from the outline of the constructions of particular nations, while the comparability of alternative nations as a rule fails as a result of inconsistency of data resources or the shortcoming of particular information. during this ebook, the innovation buildings of a wide set of nations are in comparison at the foundation of varied signs. particularly, the subjects of private and non-private R+D and their internationalisation, of clinical and technological functionality, of innovation actions in production and providers, of international alternate, of technology-based start-ups, and ICT infrastructure are tested intimately. one more proper quarter of research is better schooling and hugely expert employment, and at last tendencies in innovation coverage are offered in a global comparability. The e-book records significant components of the joint paintings of 8 prime German institutes, elaborated within the context of a standard annual file on Germany's technological functionality. It presents even more than the natural compilation of quantitative signs for overseas benchmarking, yet provides aid to a suitable interpretation of the referring effects and indicates appropriate conclusions for innovation coverage. a distinct concentration is on Germany; so the publication additionally goals at non-German readers attracted to particular gains of the German innovation method.
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Additional info for National Systems of Innovation in Comparison: Structure and Performance Indicators for Knowledge Societies
Example text
The costs of R&D gain in importance in times of cyclical downswings and increased uncertainty aabout the likely returns on R&D activities. R&D in the USA is expensive, too. But industrial R&D in the USA tends to be more efficient, through outsourcing to specialised R&D services as well as to SMEs. This fact explains both the R&D boom in the service sector and the increasing R&D activities in SMEs in the USA, especially in the leading-edge technology sector (see European Commission 2003a). SMEs in the USA are well integrated into supply chains and R&D networks.
The present data on R&D illustrate that those perspectives and continuity gain slightly in importance. Expecting growth, German industry expanded its R&D activities until the year 2000; subsequently R&D is just following the demands of the economic trend. 1). R&D in the business sector plays a decisive role in the functional chain of education and training, science, research and technology, inventions, investment and innovations, international competitiveness, productivity, growth and employment (see Voßkamp 2005).
3). Expectations seem to be limited with a view to market conditions. Growth perspectives of high-value markets in Germany as ‘crowd-pullers’ for international companies are disappointing. One major exception is the market for automobiles, but no other new ‘lead markets’ are visible. The creation off such lead markets not only needs a high technological performance, but also a higher dynamics of domestic demand. Regarding R&D in leading-edge technologies – and not only with the USA in mind – it should be noticed that focal points of invention activities of German multinational firms in highly science-based and mostly cross-sectional technologies with a broad economic impact (Biotechnology, Pharmacy, Semiconductors, Organic Chemistry) have been shifted abroad in the 1990s (Edler et al.
