By W. John Richardson, Charles I. Malme, Denis H. Thomson, Charles R. Greene
Discusses how good marine animals pay attention, how noisy the oceans became, and what results those new sounds have on marine mammals.
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Extra info for Marine Mammals and Noise
Example text
Many authors state the reference range explicitly, as in "x dB re 1 pPa at 1 m", or abbreviate as "x dB re 1 uPa-m". The units for source spectrum level are also 2 uPa-m. The units for source density spectrum level are (pPa-m) /Hz. Authors sometimes cite a reference unit of "1 uPa at 1 m in a 1 Hz 2 band", which is equivalent to (uPa-m) /Hz, or they may even fail to indicate the density spectrum nature of their sound description. In comparing different source levels, readers must be alert for inconsistencies in reference distances, units, and bandwidths, which are all given in variable ways in the literature.
4 describe basic techniques for detecting, recording, and analyzing sounds. 6 describe the application of these techniques in making the measurements needed to assess noise effects on marine mammals. Useful general reviews include Kinsler et al. (1982), Urick (1983), and Beranek (1988), plus Burdic (1984) and Nielsen (1991) on signal analysis, and Thomas et al. (1986a) on acoustic recording and/or analysis methods for marine mammal studies. 2 Sound Sensors 35 Sensors Sound may be sensed as acoustic pressure or as particle velocity.
In shallow water, sound reflects from the surface and bottom. At some distance from the source that is long compared to water depth, various reflected waves combine to form a cylindrical wave. Such a wave may be imagined by picturing a short tuna fish can. The top and bottom of the can correspond to the water surface and ocean bottom, and the curved outer surface is the cylindrical wavefront. In some situations (Chapter 4), a near-cylindrical wave can also form as a result of refraction or ray-bending.
