By J. Klafter, I. M. Sokolov
The identify "random walk" for an issue of a displacement of some extent in a chain of self sufficient random steps was once coined by way of Karl Pearson in 1905 in a query posed to readers of "Nature". an identical yr, the same challenge used to be formulated through Albert Einstein in a single of his Annus Mirabilis works. Even previous one of these challenge was once posed by way of Louis Bachelier in his thesis dedicated to the idea of monetary speculations in 1900. these days the speculation of random walks has proved helpful in physics and chemistry (diffusion, reactions, blending in flows), economics, biology (from animal unfold to movement of subcellular buildings) and in lots of different disciplines. The random stroll technique serves not just as a version of straightforward diffusion yet of many complicated sub- and super-diffusive delivery methods in addition. This e-book discusses the most versions of random walks and provides an important mathematical instruments for his or her theoretical description.
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Additional resources for First Steps in Random Walks: From Tools to Applications
Example text
0 −4 −2 0 x 2 4 Fig. 6 PDF of a CTRW with ψ(t) ∝ t−3/2 at three different times, t1 : t2 : t3 = 1 : 10 : 100. particular the cusp at x = 0, which is typical for PDFs in CTRWs with α < 1 in one dimension. The PDF P (x, t) scales as a function of x/t1/4 , which essentially follows from its Fourier–Laplace representation. , P (x, t) = tα/2 . 6 Other characteristic properties of heavy-tailed CTRW In Chapter 2 we considered the return probabilities Fn (0) for random walks on lattices, as well as the mean number of distinct sites visited, Sn , as functions of the number of steps n.
This one is different from the probability of returning to the origin, which is considered at the end of this chapter. Up to now we considered one-dimensional CTRW. Let us now consider the case of higher dimensions. There exists a deep connection between the CTRW on lattices and the generating functions of the lattice random walks discussed in Chapter 2. 8): ∞ ∞ 1 − ψ(s) P (r, s) = Pn (r)χn (s) = Pn (r)ψ n (s). s n=0 n=0 The sum in this equation corresponds to the generating function of P (r, z), P (r, z) = ∞ n=0 Pn (r)z n , with the variable z now replaced for ψ(s).
3 Application to random walks: The first-passage and return probabilities We now apply the generating-functions tool to the problem of random walks on a lattice. In Chapter 1 we discussed the probability Pn (r) for a random walker’s displacement r after n steps. If the walker starts at the origin (site 0) the same Pn (r) gives us the probability of being at site r after n steps. 14) below: all the elements with odd numbers vanish. Our result here delivers an average of subsequent even and odd elements.
