By Salvatore J. Salamone
Fashionable specialists clarify the pharmacology and metabolism of benzodiazepines (LDB) and g-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and provide strong and powerful methodologies that would permit higher detection of those medicines in numerous physique fluids, in addition to in hair. The recommendations contain hugely delicate immunoassay detection of LDBs, the detection of Rohypnol® and different LDBs via mass spectrometry, and the ultrasensitive detection of GHB. cutting-edge and hugely useful, Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology deals toxicologists, forensic scientists, and scientific chemists modern day premiere tools for detecting those largely abused medicines which are occasionally stumbled on linked to felony acts.
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Additional info for Benzodiazepines and GHB: Detection and Pharmacology (Forensic Science and Medicine)
Example text
45) reported the use of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography (LC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/MS to determine flunitrazepam, 7-amino-flunitrazepam, norflunitrazepam, and 3-hydroxy-flunitrazepam in blood with d3-flunitrazepam and d3-7-amino-flunitrazepam as internal standards. The method used a single quadrupole instrument with selected ion monitoring (SIM). The SIM ions were selected from full scan LC/APCI/MS spectra of each analyte that were taken at octapole offset value of 40 V in positive ionization which caused distinct ion fragmentation by collision-induced dissociation (CID).
Elution was then achieved after switching the pH on column using chloroform–isopropanol–ammonia (78:28:2) as elution mixture. The recoveries for flunitrazepam, 7-amino-flunitrazepam, 7-acetamido- Analysis of Flunitrazepam and Metabolites 41 flunitrazepam, and norflunitrazepam ranged from 90% to 98% both at low and high concentrations. Deinl et al. (47,48) reported the use of an on-line immunoaffinity column (IAC) for extraction of flunitrazepam, 7-amino-flunitrazepam, 7-acetamidoflunitrazepam, and norflunitrazepam in urine or serum.
From LOD of 5–10 ng/mL in many early procedures to LOD of 1 ng/mL, the detection sensitivity for flunitrazepam has been largely improved over the last decade. Berthault et al. (35) reported the detection of flunitrazepam and four metabolites (7-amino-flunitrazepam, norflunitrazepam, 7-amino-norflunitrazepam, and 3-hydroxy-flunitrazepam) in serum at 242 nm wavelength with a liquid–liquid extraction procedure and prazepam as internal standard. 0 ng/mL and limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 10 ng/mL for each analyte.
